Introduction

The two lab reports that I found interesting are lab report 1: Artificial intelligence and innovation management: A review, framework, and research agenda by Haefner, Naomi; Wincent, Joakim; Parida, Vinit; Gassmann, Oliver, and lab report 2: Metaverse by Mystakidis, Stylianos. Lab report 1 is about how artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to reshape a company’s management ability and the way it’s organized. This report used different AI and they will in-depth explain how different AI can be used for different purposes and what types of AI exist and what is stopping us from getting more advanced AI that can help us do more things. On the other hand, lab report 2 talked about a new concept of a virtual reality world named metaverse. Metaverse is a virtual world that is made digitally but its movement and interaction are being controlled by the user physically in real life. Normally when we play games we use a keyboard and mouse to send commands to our virtual characters but instead of using a keyboard and mouse we can use virtual reality (VR) devices to fit ourselves into the virtual character and control it with body movement and the device will capture our movement and apply it onto the character. Both reports have similarities and differences, one example of the similarities they share is that they are both futuristic technology ideas that we are moving forward to, and they both relate to computer science. The main difference between these 2 technologies is that they are being used differently.

Title Compare Report 1 &2 

In comparison to the title lab report, 1 explains more about what he will be addressing, and compare to lab report 2 just 1 simple word. In the text Technical Communication, the author addressed that “The title should be informative enough to enable readers to decide whether the report interests them.” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.533) it’s clear enough to see that in the lab report 1’s title we can see that the author focuses to find out the result of how AI can be related to innovation unlike from lab report 2 just a simple word.

Abstract Compare Report 1 &2 

Lab report 1 contains an abstract and gives a brief idea of what experiment he will conduct in his report, in this case, it’s to test out how AI will affect innovation if it’s possible for AI to replace humans, and answers that he wishes to find during his experiment. In the text it says “rapid technological development and the replacement of human organization, AI may indeed compel management to rethink a company’s entire innovation process. In response, we review and explore the implications for future innovation management. Using ideas from the Carnegie School and the behavioral theory of the firm, we review the implications for innovation management of AI technologies and machine learning-based AI systems.” (Naomi, 2021, page 1) In lab 2 the author didn’t include an abstract I think it’s because in his report he wants to knowledge his reader about the metaverse, and he didn’t conduct any experiments so no answer to answer. Lab report 2 states “Definition: The Metaverse is the post-reality universe, a perpetual and persistent multiuser environment merging physical reality with digital virtuality. It is based on the convergence of technologies that enable multisensory interactions with virtual environments, digital objects, and people such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Hence, the Metaverse is an interconnected web of social, networked immersive environments in persistent multiuser platforms.” (Stylianos, 2022, page 1) In the textbook, it says, “Readers of the abstract are most interested in what questions motivated your study” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.534) In the lab report 1 the question that motivated the author to do the study is because he wants to know the AI’s ability and in lab report 2 no experiment is being done so seems like the author didn’t have any question.

Introduction Compare Reports 1 &2

The introduction part of both reports contains it and lab report 1 talks about how AI is good at information processing, and they have better outcomes compared to when humans process information and we can use AI as a tool to address complicated information. In lab report 1 it states that “AI can deliver higher quality, greater efficiency, and better outcomes than human experts (Agrawal et al., 2018a; Bughin et al., 2018). Considering AI’s potential to take on traditional ‘human’ tasks in organizations, we may ask whether a role for AI can be used in pursuing one of the most important processes affecting a firm’s long-term survival and competitive advantage – innovation.” (Naomi, 2021, page 1) Lab report 2 gives us a brief knowledge background of innovations in technology and the direction that the metaverse is moving towards and talks about how we can use it in the future. Lab report 2 says, “Metaverse is a post-reality universe, a perpetual and persistent multiuser environment merging physical reality with digital virtuality. Regarding online distance education, Metaverse has the potential to remedy the fundamental limitations of web-based 2D e-learning tools.” (Stylianos, 2022, page 1) In the textbook, it mentioned “describing the hypothesis or question your study attempted to address and why this question is significant” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.534) in both reports they all addressed the importance of the technology they trying to address and how it will bring a change to us and in what way.

Methods and Material Compare Reports 1 &2

Methods and material section lab report 1 talked about how AI can help process information and in what way. This gives us a better knowledge of how AI functions and this also helps us understand the functionality of AI and how to put them to use. In the lab report 2 talked about the basic need to experience metaverse which is a VR headset and headphones there’s even a treadmill if necessary.  In the book it says, “Most researchers begin the materials and methods section with a description or list of materials.” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.535) It applied to both reports because report 1 talked about AI and how it functions and under what circumstances we can apply it to use. Lab report 2 talked about the materials they used and, in this case, the VR device and they also go in-depth on how every device is being put to work.

Results Compare Reports 1 &2 

Results of lab report 1 showed 3 examples of AI and how each AI can be used differently for different purposes. The answer to the question can we use AI to decide the answer is NO. Even though AI can process huge amounts of information, they are all based on the formation of code we can’t apply multiple algorithms in one AI so therefore currently in this stage, we can only use AI as a tool to assist humans to make better decisions. In report 1 it says “Furthermore, most current AI systems are limited in their ability to generate or recognize ideas and opportunities and to overcome local search routines. However, as explained in sections 3.2, 3.3, and especially 3.4, there have been some recent advancements suggesting that AI systems may indeed be able to overcome these limitations. Thus, we can derive a range of what we term ‘information processing capability levels’ for AI systems that indicate how likely AI systems are to replace and complement human decision-making. Broadly, they can be grouped into three capability levels according to the types of information processing capabilities they display.” (Naomi, 2021, page 5) Lab report 2 talked about how they wish to turn metaverse and what is their direction for the future. In report 2 it says “The embodied digital identity and the ability to engage with the environment and virtual objects in multiple points of view, such as the third-person perspective, creates the psychological sense of being in a space, experiencing presence [37]. Presence or telepresence is the perceptual illusion of non-mediation [43]. The psychological illusion of non-mediation implies that users fail to perceive the existence of a medium that intervenes in their communicative environment [44].” (Stylianos, 2022, page 8) In the textbook, it said “Think of the results section as an opportunity to present the evidence your will use to support the claim” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.536) report 1 had come up with the answer to his question the beginning and for report 2 a future research direction had been addressed and stated and he successfully proved that metaverse could be a possible outcome for the future.

Discussion Compare Reports 1 &2

In report 1 the discussion brings to the ultimate result and how the use of AI can bring up questions like trust issues with the result of AI and the reason why a decision that is made by AI is decisions with zero temperature because AI will only make decisions all based on data and without the consideration of humanity. In the report, it says “One of the biggest challenges is, therefore, gaining a clear understanding of when to circumvent human intervention and when to embrace it. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that humans receive actionable information from the AI system so that they can make optimal decisions based on machine output. Another challenge located at the human–technology nexus is that of trust in the AI system.” (Naomi, 2021, page 6) Report 2 talked about the possible challenge of switching from 2D to 3D. They also addressed the issue of interaction with other users across the metaverse platform and negative outcomes like hurting your neck and getting sick from long-time use of VR devices. In report 2 it states “In the field of VR, the Metaverse was conceived as the 3D Internet or Web 3.0 [57]. Its first iteration was conceived as a web of virtual worlds where avatars would be able to travel seamlessly among them. This vision was realized in Opensim’s Hypergrid [36]. Different social and stand-alone virtual worlds based on the open-source software Opensimulator were—and still are—reachable through the Hypergrid network that allows the movement of digital agents and their inventory across different platforms through hyperlinks. However, Hypergrid was and is still not compatible with other popular proprietary virtual worlds such as Second Life.”(Stylianos, 2022, page 8) In the textbook, it says “In organizing the discussion section, start by presenting the most important finding” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.537) this is addressed in both reports they both presented their finding and what problems they are facing currently.

Conclusion Compare Reports 1 &2

A conclusion should “summarize the main points covered by your report” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.537) both reports went back and state their main points and had drag the reader back to the beginning to understand what their purpose was once again. Report 1 it concluded that letting AI make decisions is not possible with the current technology, but we can use it to assist humanity to make decisions. In report 1 it states “From that, we then derived the information processing capability levels of AI needed to develop digitized organizations. Finally, we delineated the challenges in implementing AI systems that innovation management faces concerning the technology itself, the humans tasked with implementing it, and the technology–human nexus.” (Naomi, 2021, page 8) In report 2 the result come out as technology is still being developed and we can expect learning online can be achieved later in the future. In report 2 it states, “unique affordances of VR and AR immersive technologies. If the interplay among them is unleashed creatively, it promises to transform many industry sectors, among them distance online education. New models of Meta-education, Metaverse-powered online distance education, can emerge to allow rich, hybrid formal and informal learning experiences in online 3D virtual campuses. Online learning in the Metaverse will be able to break the final frontier of social connection and informal learning.”(Stylianos, 2022, page 9) 

Reference Compare Report 1 &2

Reference is “List all the references you cited in your lab report” (Markel & Selber, 2020, p.539) both reports address the text references they used in their report, and they are all visible on the last 2 pages.

Bibliography

1. Markel, M., & Selber, S. A. (2020). Technical Communication (13th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin.
2. Naomi, Haefner, et al. “Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Management: A Review, Framework, and Research Agenda.” Login, Jan. 2021, https://cuny-cc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_swepub_primary_oai_DiVA_org_ltu_81529&context=PC&vid=01CUNY_CC%3ACUNY_CC&lang=en&search_scope=IZ_CI_AW&adaptor=Primo+Central&tab=Everything&query=any%2Ccontains%2CArtificial+Intelligence+and+Innovation+Management%3A+A+Review++Framework++and+Research+Agenda.+Jan.+2021.+&mode=basic.

Stylianos, Mystakidis. “Metaverse.” Login, 10 Feb. 2022, https://cuny-cc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_319ef6b232744104b21cf4aa15d1c3f3&context=PC&vid=01CUNY_CC%3ACUNY_CC&lang=en&search_scope=IZ_CI_AW&adaptor=Primo+Central&tab=Everything&query=any%2Ccontains%2CStylianos%2C+Mystakidis.+%E2%80%9CMetaverse&offset=0.